I. The mandate of the Working Group on transnational corporations

The resolution 2005/69 of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) totally ignores the work accomplished since many years by the Sub-Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, including the Draft “Norms” adopted in 2003. Both the AAJ and CETIM have serious reservations concerning this draft because it contains flaws, but then until now there has been no other instrument of reference on the international level to control the activities of transnational corporations harmful to human rights.
The Resolution 2005/69 proposes to nominate a special representative whose mandate was inspired by the Global Compact. We shall return to this point later.

The vast majority of Member States of the Commission on Human Rights have yielded to the pressures of transnational corporations, whose agenda is clearly formulated in a document1 signed by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the International Organisation of Employers (IOE). This documents “suggests” that the CHR ignore the Draft “Norms” adopted by the Sub-Commission. In fact such corporations are totally opposed to the idea of any restrictive instrument that would control their activities2.

In order to prevent anyone from thinking that the Sub-Commissions Draft could constitute an international standard to be put into force, the CHR has taken the precaution of specifying in the last paragraph of it’s resolution 2004/116 that “…as a draft (ie the draft Norms of the SDCH) has no legal standing, and that the Sub Commission should not perform any monitoring function in this regard.”

This does not stop the Working Group of the Sub-Commission from studying or making proposals as to how to apply to transnational corporations the norms in force under international law regarding human rights, the right to work, and environmental rights which also apply to transnational corporations. Moreover the mandate of the Working Group on Transnational Corporations of the Sub Commission includes several items. One of them is to examine, receive and collect information related to the effects the working methods and the activities of transnational corporations have on the enjoyment of all human rights.

II. The role of transnational corporations in the United Nations

For several years now the United Nations has opened its doors to transnational corporations, presented under the name of “social actors”. In doing this the UN is following a general world trend that consists of yielding decision making to giant economic and financial conglomerates to the detriment of states, governments and civil society in general.

The idea of incorporating the “social actors” under the roof of the United Nations was officially adopted by the Secretary-General on July 25th 2000 at the headquarters in New York with the launching of the Global Compact in which 44 big transnational corporations and other “representatives of civil society” participated. The declared objective of the Global Compact is that companies agree voluntarily to respect ten principles of human rights law, labour law, environmental law and oppose corruption.

Among the companies linked with the Global Compact are British Petroleum, Nike, Shell, Nestlé, Rio Tinto and Novartis. Many studies relate extensively of violations of human rights, of labour laws and environmental laws by some of the above-mentionned companies. The Lyonnaise des Eaux (today the Suez Group) also participates in the Global Compact. And its activities involving the corruption of civil servants in order to obtain the monopoly over drinking water are well known, especially in Argentina, in France, and more recently in Chile3.

This alliance between the United Nations and large transnational corporations has created a dangerous confusion between, on the one hand, a public international political institution such as the UN which, according to its Charter, represents “the peoples of the United Nations” and, on the other hand, a group of entities that embodies the private interests of an international economic elite. Such an alliance is completely contrary to the process necessary to undertake for democratizing the United Nations.

The Global Compact was first introduced in 1998 by the Secretary-General of the UN in a report entitled “Entrepreneurship and privatization for economic growth and sustainable development” (A/52/428), a report intended for the General Assembly. In this report the Secretary General wrote that “deregulation” represents the procedure for any reform of a state (para.50). In addition he pleaded in favour of the sale of public companies by yielding over the “ownership and management to investors who have the experience and skills to upgrade the performance, even if this means at times selling assets to foreign buyers” (para.29).

In 2004, Georg Kell, the executive director of the Global Compact, wrote in the introduction of an article entitled “The NGO of the XXI century, in the market for change”, published by the organisation SustainAbility: “Furthermore, given the supremacy of demand of the market, it is necessary that the social actors get their agenda up to date with regard to the structure of today’s market if they want to meet their objectives. The Global Compact constitutes an ambitious experiment of collaboration between different interest groups aiming to incorporate the universal principles of human rights, labour and the environment into global markets” 4 (our emphasis). Manifestly the market, and not human beings, is the principle concern of the Global Compact. Moreover the Secretary-General encourages this neo-liberal crusade by promoting the establishment of branches of the Global Compact in different countries, made up of entrepreneurs and governments.

This new orientation in policy follows the suppression in 1993 of certain bodies of the United Nations that had tried to establish a social control over the activities of transnational corporations, in particular the Commission on Transnational Corporations, established by the Economic and Social Council in December 1974 by Resolution 1913 (LVII). It was composed of 48 Member States and, one of its priorities, was to look into the activities of transnational corporations and elaborate a Code of Conduct that would apply to these corporations5. However this code never materialized.

The turn toward neo-liberal positions manifests itself in different ways, some more apparent than others, in the different specialized agencies, (World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Labour Organization (ILO). Sometimes this “aggiornamento” allows these organizations to obtain funding from some states or private sources; if it is not included in the general budgets, it is at least given for specific programs that interest the donors.

In October 2002, UNESCO and the Suez Company (which merged with the Lyonnaise des Eaux) signed an agreement to cooperate in order to improve access to drinking water worldwide. However, the mission of this huge transnational corporation looks more like the privatization of the water distribution by obtaining concessions to manage water resources throughout the world. According to certain sources this transnational corporation has resorted to bribing public officials to achieve its ends, but this allegation remains difficult to prove. For a few hundreds of thousands of Euros, the Suez Corporation acquired the right to intervene in the international hydrological program of UNESCO. This program is responsible for the scientific and educational studies in order to improve the management of water resources in all countries throughout the world.

A paradoxical case: On 20 November 2002, the thirteenth anniversary of the International Convention on the Rights of the Child was celebrated under the name of “McDonald’s World Children Day” after an agreement had been reached by Carol Bellamy, the exectutive director of UNICEF, and the transnational corporation, McDonald’s. Ms Bellamy had the support of Kofi Annan.

The wave of protest from different organizations including specialists in child health and nutrionists emphasized the fact that UNICEF must not associate itself with the symbol “par excellence” of deficient infant diets. But even these protests were not sufficient to convince Ms Bellamy to revoke the agreement with McDonald’s. Thus UNICEF sold its image to McDonald’s for a fistful of dollars. Something to consider: the director of UNICEF, Carol Bellamy, is an American citizen, the United States being one of the two countries in the world, along with Somalia, that has not ratified the Convention of Children’s Rights6

UN specialized agencies hope also to obtain funds from the World Bank (their hope is generally disappointed). This pushes them to engage in joint activities with this international financial institution.

It can be confirmed today, without fear of making a mistake, that the influence of the transnational corporations on the decisions of the organs making up the United Nations has contaminated the entire system. It is possible to see representatives of the World Bank involved in discussions related to education in meetings convened by UNESCO.

Under the banner of the participation of the private sector, meetings on diverse matters are organized with private companies as guests of honour. Such was the case of a seminar of indigenous peoples and private companies (Geneva, 5-7 December 2001) or the general debate of the Committee on the Rights of the Child concerning the participation of the private sector in the fulfilment of children rights (Geneva, 20 September 2002), etc.

The World Health Organization should have an independent and decisive role in dealing with the epidemics striking the planet. The former WHO director, Gro Harlem Bruntland said in Davos on 29 January 2001:” We must protect patent laws …Industry has made an admirable effort to fulfil its obligations by its gifts of drugs and by the lowering of prices.” Her former cabinet director justified this declaration of faith by the need to obtain private financing given the fact that States contributed little, and by the need to please the United States which holds the purse-strings of the world7. All the other bodies in the United Nations System are in the same position: looking for funds and focusing on programs that interest corporations and the United States.

Another worrisome case: two thirds of the budget of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is financed by voluntary contributions from governments, NGO’s, foundations and other private donors. Inevitably this makes the Office vulnerable to pressure. Gone is the time when the UN Centre for Human Rights refused the gift of computers from a government in order not to compromise its independence and not to go against the UN norms.

The “world summits” are more and more under the influence of the huge transnational corporations. Such was the case of the Johannesburg Summit for Sustainable Development which took place in September 2002. The agenda was “sequestrated” by the big corporations. This was confirmed by an article that appeared in The Guardian on 9 August 2002 which relayed the opinion of Christian Aid, an NGO: “The transnational corporations have sequestrated the summit’s agenda …while the measures destined to help the poor have been forgotten.” 8

The World Summit for Information is another case. This summit is held in two stages: the first was held in Geneva in 2003 and the second will take place in Tunisia in 2005. The private corporate sector was doubly represented in the preparatory committee of August 2002: by the direct representatives of companies (including Sony, Alcatel, Deutsche Telecom, Japan Telecom, Swisscom) and by representatives of international associations of enterprises, such as the World Economic Forum (which brings together the thousand biggest corporations in the world), the International Chamber of Commerce, the International Association of Broadcasting etc. Dozens of delegates were accredited as representatives of “non governmental organizations from the civil society”.

III. Conclusion

The American Association of Jurists and CETIM recommend that the working group, in the framework of its mandate, examine the effects of the work methods and the activities of transnational corporations on the functioning of United Nations bodies.

I. Effects of transnational corporations’ activities and working methods on human rights

A. What are transnational corporations?

1. Transnational corporations are private law legal entities with a presence in multiple territorial jurisdictions but with a single decision-making headquarters.

2. Transnational corporations are active in the production of goods and of services – in practically all areas of human activity – and also in financial speculation.

3. The huge amount of capital funds they possess gives them a power unprecedented in history. The trading volume of the largest transnational corporations is equal to or bigger than many countries’ GDP, and the trading volume of some half dozen of them is greater that the combined GDP of the 100 poorest countries.

4. They can operate with a main corporation and subsidiaries, build up groups active in a single sector or conglomerates active in diverse fields, combine with other firms by take-overs or buy outs or by setting up financial holdings. The only operating capital such holdings posses is stock shares with which they control companies or groups of companies. However, one can always identify the nationality of a transnational corporation in that there is a government that supports and defends its interests (at the WTO, the IMF, the World Bank, or other international organisations, or by political, military or other means).

5. The true productive activities are sometimes subcontracted out while the transnational corporation controls the know-how, the trade mark and the marketing of the products. Activities can be carried on in different national territories and may quickly and frequently change location to ensure profit maximisation.

6. The transnational character of their activities allows these corporations to avoid the national and international laws and regulations that they consider counter to their interests. Transnational corporations also engage in illicit activities or in activities situated in a grey zone between legality and illegality.

7. All these activities of the transnational corporations are actively supported and aided by the wealthy countries’ governments, which represent and share their interests.

B. Effects of the working methods and the activities of transnational corporations

8. These working methods and activities are governed by a basic goal : getting maximum profit in the shortest time possible, This basic objective does not admit of any obstacle whatsoever and, to get it, transnational corporations stop at nothing :
a) the promoting of wars of aggression and interethnic conflicts in order to control the natural resources of the planet – in particular energy sources and strategic minerals – and to foster the growth and the profits of the war industry;
b) the violation of workers’ rights and human rights in general;
c) the degradation of the environment (air water and soil included) and in particular the active and well financed opposition by the Global Climate Coalition, comprising, among others Ford, General Motors, Mobil, and Union Carbide, with the unflagging support of the government of the United States, to any limitation of emission of greenhouse gases (Kyoto Protocol);
d) the bribing of civil servants to take over essential public services (such as the supply of drinking water) through their fraudulent privatisation and thus the elimination of the rights of present and potential users;
e) the appropriation – formally legal or illegal – of ancestral, technical and scientific knowledge, which are by nature social entities;
f) the corruption of political and intellectual elites and of leaders of « civil society »;
g) the monopolisation of the principal means of communication, purveyors of the dominant ideology and mass cultural products, in order to manipulate and condition public opinion and thus change the habits and behaviour of people;
h) financing dictators, the overthrow of governments, and other criminal activities.

9. Such methods are incompatible with human rights in general, including the right to self-determination and the right to development.

C. Confusion of economic and political powers

10. If the influence of economic power over political power has been a constant in human society for as long as economic power has exited, one can notice in recent decades a growing interpenetration of economic and political power, which has led to the confusion, indeed, to the fusion, of these two powers. This process has produced an erosion both of representative democracy, right up to its formal aspects, and of the role played by its political institutions, national as well as international, as mediators – or supposed mediators – between different and contradictory interests.

11. The outstanding example of this relation between economic and political power is the United Sates, where a majority of the world’s transnational corporations are based and where several are directly represented in the current government.

12. This confusion between political and economic powers is also present in the United Nations by the way of the « Global Compact » and in the European Union by the way the collaboration between the European Commission and the European Industries Round Table (ERT), composed of the transnationals Volvo, Olivetti, Siemens, Unilever and others.

II. Recommendations and proposals to hold transnational corporations responsible

13. In a state of law, transnational corporations, like individual persons and legal entities treated as individuals under the law, are liable under both civil and criminal law for violations of prevailing legal standards (both international standards, implemented through domestic legislation, and national standards).

14. Voluntary guidelines cannot substitute for standards established by national governmental organs and by international intergovernmental organs, for such guidelines are not binding legal standards whose violation leads to a punitive sanction.

15. Further, both experience and studies show that voluntary codes are inadequate, that their implementation has been found wanting because left to the discretion of the corporations, with no real independent outside monitoring. For example, a consulting firm, engaged by a transnational corporation – hence paid by the corporation – hardly constitutes an independent outside monitor.

16. It is thus necessary to set forth proposals to situate transnational corporations within a legal framework built upon certain basic principles, as follows :
a) National communities and the international community are communities of law, that is they are built on legal standards. It is « essential that human rights should be protected by the rule of law… » (Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights).
b) These standards apply necessarily both to individual persons and to legal entities construed as persons, and their violation results in a punitive sanction.
c) Transnational corporations are legal entities construed as persons under the law and, as such, subjects and objects of law. Prevailing legal standards are thus binding upon transnational corporations, just as upon any individual person or any other legal entity construed as a person. The equality of every person before the law is clearly established in the International Charter of Human Rights (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights).

17. When applying those standards, one must start from the principle according to which human rights are at the top of the normative pyramid, to wit giving human rights priority over other rights such as intellectual property rights.

18. Existing standards should be made complete on both the national and international levels.
a) The principle of public service must be emphasized, especially in the areas of health, food (including clean water), education, housing, communication and information in all their forms, and one must prevent the setting up of oligopolies and private monopolies in these areas.
b) Implementation mechanisms of the specific instruments dealing with transnationals must be reinforced, particularly those such as the Declaration of Tripartite Principles on Transnational Corporations and Social Policy adopted by the Administrative Board of the International Labor Organization in 1977 (which, in its November 2000 amendment, refers to 30 conventions and 35 recommendations of the ILO) and the OCDE directives (revised text, June 2000), even though they merely address recommendations to the corporations.
c) Compulsory guidelines for transnational corporations must be established, guidelines such as were requested in the Declaration and the Program of Action of the Millennium Forum (United Nations, New York, 26 May 2000, Point 2 of Section A) by more than 1000 non-governmental organisations from 100 countries. These guidelines should also address the question of technology transfers.
d) Governments that have not yet done so should incorporate into legislation the criminal liability of legal entities.
e) There is no competent international criminal jurisdiction for judging private legal entities. The statutes of the International Criminal Court adopted in Rome and in force since 1 July 2002, do not provide for judging legal entities or infractions against social, economic and cultural rights. For the time being, the possibility of using this court to inform the prosecutor (individuals may not denounce much less file a complaint in this court) of violations of human rights committed by transnational corporations so that the prosecutor may decide to indict those responsible is, all the same, not to be ruled out. It would be advisable however to promote the reform of the statues of the International Criminal Court to include under its jurisdiction infractions against economic, social and cultural rights and the criminal liability of private individual persons.
f) For the time being, national courts are the only ones that may receive complaints and requests against transnational corporations and their managers and directors, to the extent allowed by an ever-growing application of the principle of universal jurisdiction.
g) At present, there is a number of trials under way against transnational corporations and their directors and managers in various national jurisdictions for violations of several categories of human rights : environment degradation, violation of labor rights, complicity in harassment and murder of unionists, crimes against humanity, etc. Among the accused corporations, there are several « Global Contact » partners.
h) Finally, the possibility of creating an international tribunal for transnational corporations should be studied, based on the model of the International Court of the Law of the Sea, established by the Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, December 1982).

III. Government responsibility

19. The right to development and the progressive enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights comports the obligation, for governments, to do their utmost to promote the economic, social and cultural progress of their peoples.

20. Governments have, in the area of economic, social and cultural rights as well as in the area of the right to development, not only obligations towards their own peoples but also, as members of the international community, towards other countries and towards humanity in general. It is a question of rights called « rights of solidarity » (Art. 1, par. 1, of the United Nations Charter; Art. 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Art. 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the Declaration on the Right to Development – especially Art. 2 and Art. 6 -, etc.).

21. Governments are also responsible, when they have failed in their oversight duty, for violations (on their own territory or across-borders) committed by individuals (including transnational corporations) which come under their jurisdiction, as has been established by arbitration decisions and by numerous international conventions, in particular those relative to the preservation of the environment.

22. Governments are internationally responsible for the incorporation of basic international standards into their domestic law.

23. To fulfill their obligations, governments have the right and the duty to protect and to guarantee the right of their peoples to freely dispose of their wealth and natural resources, and they must act in such as way that those peoples are not deprived of their means of subsistence (Art. 1, par. 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the Declaration on the Right to Development).